Individualization of sentencing means customizing the punishment based on the individual offender's characteristics, circumstances, and background, rather than applying the same punishment uniformly ...

Maharashtra’s law keeps an eye on repeat offenders, can restrict their movement, send them for reform, and gives extra punishment if they break rules or are caught acting suspiciously.

Committees like the Malimath and Madhav Menon Committees have recommended statutory frameworks for sentencing. Adoption of alternative sanctions and a victim-centric approach are suggested to improve ...

Special laws in India refer to statutes enacted to address specific types of offences or situations not fully covered by the Indian Penal Code (IPC). These laws often prescribe th ...

The Fundamental Rights in India are enshrined in Part III of the Constitution, covering Articles 12 to 35. These rights are considered essential for the development of every individual and for ...

International Norms: The Declaration has influenced international treaties, regional charters (like the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights), and global conferences, including the Vienna ...

Article 37: It states that the Directive Principles are non-justiciable. Nevertheless, Article 37 itself says that these principles are fundamental in the governance of the country and it shall be the ...

The inclusion of I4C under the PMLA framework allows it to receive and exchange critical financial intelligence with agencies ...

The climate of fear and impunity created by AFSPA undermines democratic participation, silences dissent, and erodes trust between Indigenous communities and the state. The militarization of Indigenous ...

The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) is a key multilateral treaty adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 16, 1966, and entered into force on ...

In summary, the Supreme Court in People's Union for Democratic Rights vs. State of Bihar (1986) ruled against the unlawful police firing on peaceful peasants, affirming the constitutional rights to ...

Class, Bhusawal for the offences punishable under Section 4 of Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Act, 2019 (hereinafter referred to as “the said Act”) and under Section 34 of Indian ...