Carney's win represented a repudiation of Trump's volley of threats to annex Canada and make it the "51st state." That rhetoric – along with punishing tariffs on Canadian goods – has sparked an unprecedented wave of Canadian nationalism and overturned years of stability between the two neighbors.

The election was dominated by Mr. Trump and his relentless focus on Canada. Pierre Poilievre, the opposition leader, lost the seat he had held for 20 years.